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The Paris Agreement is working as intended, but we’ve still got a long way to go

About the blog

Matthew Hoffmann
Professor of Political Science and Co-Director Environmental Governance Lab, University of Toronto
  • The Paris Agreement is working as intended, but we’ve still got long way to go
    Tuz Lake, once the second-largest lake in Turkey, has almost entirely receded in 2021, following a climate-induced drought and decades of agricultural polices that depleted groundwater. (AP Photo/Emrah Gurel)

Well, this is beginning to feel old: 2021 was another year of climate catastrophes — just like the one before it.

Yet another year of fires and floods, with more beckoning for 2022. And, like last year, there are desperate calls for 2022 to be a year of accelerated climate action. It has to be, in so many ways (technological, social, economic, political), if we are to avoid the worst effects of climate change.

Yet one thing that’s different in 2022 than years past is that we now have a completed, functioning global climate treaty. At the November 2021 COP26 meeting in Glasgow, the international community finalized the remaining details of the Paris Agreement.

An aerial view of burned down houses and smoking trees, surrounded by pale yellow fields.
A neighbourhood in Boulder County, Colo., smoulders after it was destroyed by wildfire on Dec. 31, 2021. Wildfires do not typically occur in this region in mid-winter, but the state has experienced a prolonged drought. (Hart Van Denburg/Colorado Public Radio via AP, Pool)

Much of the world, or at least the media in North America and the United Kingdom, met this news with confusion. CNN, the Economist, the Globe and Mail and even CBC Kids ran stories asking the same question: “Was COP26 a Success?”

The consensus that emerged in the media and among columnists was that some progress was made even if it didn’t fix climate change. Environmental activists were more certain: COP26 was a failure.

Both reactions are reasonable because two facts about climate action uncomfortably coexist.

Paris is a means, not an end

The Paris Agreement is a context for climate action, not action itself. Its main substance is a collectively agreed goal (keep warming to 1.5 C) and it mandates that countries develop their own climate plans, which they have mostly done and some have even ratcheted them up since 2015.

It also provides infrastructure for collective reporting and monitoring of plans with common metrics, for taking stock of how states’ commitments translate to the overarching goal, for developing a global carbon market and mobilizing finance for the Global South. After Glasgow, most of this is now in place.

Yay! The Paris Agreement is working … and yet the climate is still burning.

Unfortunately, the Paris Agreement can work perfectly and states’ individual efforts can still come up short. The Paris Agreement is a means, not an end.

A man wades through a flooded field with several dwellings in the background.
Climate change is being blamed for the worst floods in some parts of South Sudan in more than 60 years. Scientists say global warming-linked changes in a weather pattern called the Indian Ocean Dipole led to extensive bush fires in Australia in 2019 and 2020, and extreme flooding in East Africa. (AP Photo/Adrienne Surprenant)

Turning this global institutional context into an effective global response to climate change requires ambitious national action. The Paris Agreement will succeed in the broader sense if states ramp up the ambition and implementation of their climate plans. That’s the whole ballgame. Fortunately, the Paris Agreement infrastructure and approach provide some mechanisms to encourage this.

The co-operative infrastructure — especially transparency and common reporting timelines and metrics for greenhouse gas emissions and national climate actions — may help catalyze virtuous cycles of increasing ambition. Even though the Paris Agreement relies on individual instead of joint commitments, countries are still wary about moving ahead of their peers and competitors. Having transparent national commitments with standardized reporting is potentially a way to alleviate those concerns.

Efforts to mobilize finance need to be drastically improved, however. This was a major sticking point at COP26 that almost derailed the conference.

States in the Global North are seriously underperforming on their pledged commitments on climate and adaptation finance. They have come up at least US$20 billion short on a US$100 billion per year pledge — an amount itself considered “miniscule” compared to what’s ultimately necessary. Mobilizing finance for the Global South was a key bargain that made the Paris Agreement itself possible and its future success depends on this commitment being fulfilled.

Accountability and inclusion can instigate change

These mechanisms, however, rely on countries wanting to act with enthusiasm and equity. That’s the necessary change and it’s what climate activists took to the streets around the world to demand. The logic of accountability and inclusion built into the Paris Agreement offers opportunities to instigate change.

A woman stands in a forested area looking back, past the camera, over her shoulder. A man stands several metres in front of her, also looking back.
Ugandan climate activist Vanessa Nakate, left, walks with a guide at the Kaazi reforestation project on the outskirts of Kampala, Uganda. At the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, she said that she and her peers did not believe the pledges that leaders and investors have made to fight climate change. (AP Photo/Hajarah Nalwadda)

First, accountability in the Paris Agreement is largely external — the agreement itself doesn’t have enforcement mechanisms because decisions and actions are taken domestically. This provides citizens and activists with concrete targets — national climate plans.

We need more national legislation like Canada’s Net Zero Accountability Act. We need citizen pressure to continue ratcheting up national ambition and implementation to ensure that such legislation isn’t greenwashing.

Second, the Paris Agreement recognizes the importance of mobilizing the full range of corporations, cities, provinces, NGOs, communities and so on to meet the 1.5 C target. The work done by these non-state and sub-state players can change what countries see as possible and appropriate climate action.

So, we have Paris and that’s a good thing, somewhat. It is working. It provides the infrastructure to do more; to do better. It’s not magic though. As Catherine Abreu, the executive director of the Climate Action Network, observed:

“The final outcomes of COP26 gives Canadians a clear image of where the world is at: united in the desperate hope to limit warming to 1.5 C and avoid the most irreversible impacts of climate change; divided on the scale of effort required to achieve that goal.”

The animating force for the Paris Agreement to truly succeed is the efforts that people, communities, NGOs and corporations deploy to make states see the necessity of the proper scale of effort. We have Paris, but hope for 2022 will be found in the movements and politics that are growing across the globe; in fighting for pandemic recovery plans that focus on justice, equity and sustainability; in the everyday actions of concerned individuals that build social momentum for change.

The Conversation

Matthew Hoffmann, Professor of Political Science and Co-Director Environmental Governance Lab, University of Toronto

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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