National water agency PUB has developed a rainfall monitoring and prediction system capable of providing early heavy rainfall warnings, enhancing its response time to potential flash floods that may occur across Singapore.
The system merges the rainfall monitoring capability of X-band radars – which are typically used for localised weather monitoring, as well as air traffic control and maritime vessel navigation – with a nowcast model that forecasts the movement, growth and decay of rainclouds, enabling it to produce forecasts 30 minutes ahead of a rainfall event. It augments the data that PUB currently receives from the Meteorological Service Singapore for rainfall alerts.
In 2016, PUB started working with the Hydroinformatics Institute Ptd Ltd, as well as industrial electronics firm Furuno Singapore Pte Ltd, to develop a system that can provide quantitative rainfall forecast data. Three X-band radars – which are compact and suited for monitoring rainfall within short ranges of 30-50km – were installed in the northern, eastern and western parts of Singapore. Since their implementation in end-2018, the system has been able to produce 30-minute rainfall forecasts with an accuracy of 65%.
X-band radar installed on the rooftop of Changi Water Reclamation Plant and the Woodlands NEWater Service Reservoir
At PUB’s Joint Operations Centre (JOC), duty officers who monitor an extensive network of CCTVs and water level sensors in drains and canals now utilise the rainfall monitoring and prediction system via a web interface that shows current and predicted radar rainfall images for the whole of Singapore. The system is capable of predicting the locations where heavy rainfall is expected, allowing the JOC to deploy PUB’s Quick Response Team (QRT) vehicles early (see infographic in Annex A) to potential flood locations. Once on site, officers will assess the situation and help direct traffic or deploy flood barriers to divert floodwaters, if necessary.
Over the next two years, PUB will implement three more X-band radars across the island. Doubling the number of radars will expand the overlapping fields of radar signal coverage while also addressing existing issues such as radar signal attenuation and blockage caused by buildings. A machine learning algorithm will also be incorporated into the system, which will further improve its overall accuracy in rainfall prediction.
Mr Yeo Keng Soon, PUB’s Director of Catchment and Waterways, said: “The rainfall monitoring and prediction system underlines our commitment to technological innovation and improve existing flood management measures.”
“In anticipation of more frequent extreme weather events due to climate change, we are tapping on technology to make sure that our officers can be deployed as quickly as possible in the event of heavy rainfall. We hope that this will help to reduce inconvenience to the public and keep them out of harm’s way.”
